Two animal experiments have noted that leptin signaling is essential for developing atrial fibrosis and AF evoked by angiotensinII (Fukui et al., 2013) or high-fat diet (Fukui et al., 2017), while another study reported that leptin attenuates isoproterenol-induced arrhythmogenesis (Lin et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene AGT and atrial fibrillation.