LEP and heart failure: In our network, excessive VAT increased the level of leptin and further increased the incidence of “all-cause heart failure,” “atrial fibrillation and flutter,” “DVT of lower extremities,” “pulmonary embolism,” and “DVT of lower extremities and pulmonary embolism.” The effect of leptin on extracellular matrix remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy might contribute to the development of HF (Sweeney, 2010).