TGFB1 and Cowden disease: In 2016, we analyzed the kinetics of the TGF-β signaling pathway during the acute phase of experimental CD, observing that the T. cruzi infection: (i) significantly increases the expression of receptors: TβRI and TβRII; (ii) stimulates the phosphorylation of both the classical signaling pathway proteins (Smad2/3) and the alternative one (JNK, p38, ERK); (iii) significantly increases the TGF-β1 mRNA levels; (iv) leads to a high expression of TGF-β-responsive proteins: CTGF and fibronectin and; (v) with increased collagen deposition (Ferreira et al., 2016).