TNF and gestational diabetes: The TNF-α (5.86 ± 3.23 vs 4.74 ± 2.61, P = 0.009), IL-6(142.45 ± 39.25 vs 125.99 ± 38.32, P = 0.001), and IL-1β (124.73 ± 10.57 vs 120.39 ± 9.41, P = 0.001)levels were significantly higher in the HCMV+GDM+ group than the HCMV-GDM+ group (Table 2).The TNF-α (4.96 ± 2.42 vs 4.60 ± 2.28, P = 0.001), IL-6 (119.81 ± 41.20 vs 111.93 ± 38.92, P<0.001), and IL-1β (84.71 ± 11.72 vs 82.86 ± 11.02, P < 0.001) levels were also significantly higher in the HCMV+GDM- group than the HCMV-GDM- group (Table 2).