TOB1 and gastric cancer: Jiao et al. (2012) found that TOB1 functions as a central negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway to control lung cancer occurrence and metastasis by negatively regulating EGFR expression and increasing PTEN expression. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was found to be activated in gastric cancer (Tapia et al., 2014). Moreover, the anti-gastric tumor activity of tetrandrine depended on inducing autophagy through the upregulation of autophagy-related proteins and the decreased phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR (Bai et al., 2018).