exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and regulates immune cells and various signaling pathways (e.g., the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway, the MAPK/NF-κB pathway, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Smad signaling, amongst others) in autoimmune diseases [37]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and autoimmune disease.