In ALS, after TDP-43 enters the mitochondria of neuronal cells, it triggers mtDNA release into the cytoplasm through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), leading to the release of inflammatory factors and IFN-I mediated by the cGAS-STING signaling pathway (Figure 3) (89). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.