CSF2 and Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia: Additionally, the proinflammatory cytokine, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), was shown to be significantly upregulated in the gray matter on post-mortem analysis of brain tissue from patients with ALSP and migration and adhesion-related molecules derived peripheral blood monocytes were also significantly upregulated, suggesting widespread immune dysfunction (28, 32).