Studies in mice and humans indicate that insulin deficiency in diabetes decreases mitochondrial respiration, ATP production and downregulates the mitochondrial genes and proteins, which is prevented with the treatment of insulin (Patti et al., 2003; Stump et al., 2003; Yechoor et al., 2004; Mogensen et al., 2007; Zabielski et al., 2016). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.