HMGB1 and acute pancreatitis: Animal models and a number of clinical studies have shown that HMGB1, TLR4, and NF-κB are involved in the process of intestinal mucosal injury caused by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, indomethacin and acute pancreatitis, all of which play important roles (Nadatani et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2017; Lee and Papachristou, 2019; Han et al., 2020).