HSPA5 and cardiac hypertrophy: To further confirm whether stress-induced ROS accumulation was responsible for ER stress and activation of autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy, we used the antioxidant, Mito-TEMOP (10 μM for 24 h), and the oxidation inducer, XO (50 mU for 24 h), to culture NRCMs, followed by detection of GRP78 and other ER stress signal markers using Western blotting.