TLR4 and acute kidney injury: Previous studies showed that paeonol possesses nephroprotective effects against septic acute kidney injury (Mei et al., 2019) and endotoxin-induced acute renal damage (Fan et al., 2016), where both studies suggested that the mechanistic effect of paeonol was modulation of inflammatory markers, including TLR4, NF-κB, and IL-1β, which is in line with the current study.