ATXN3 and Machado-Joseph disease: To date, the genotypic and/or allelic status of SNPs at approximately 10 genes, including ATXN3 (Long et al., 2015), ATXN2 (Ding et al., 2016), APOE (Bettencourt et al., 2011; Peng et al., 2014), MT-ND3 (Chen et al., 2016), CAST (Martins et al., 2021), FAN1 (Mergener et al., 2020), DNMT3A, DNMT3L (Ding et al., 2019), and IL6 (Raposo et al., 2017), has been demonstrated to modulate the AO of MJD patients.