One of the earliest mouse models of systemic iron loading was developed by disruption of a single ferroxidase, either Cp or Heph. A study has shown that the Cp knock-out mice at 18 months old showed increased retinal iron levels and degeneration of the retina (Patel et al., 2002) in alignment with aceruloplasminemia patients who have mutations in Cp (Wolkow et al., 2011). Here, CP is linked to aceruloplasminemia.