SPDL1 and neoplasm: Notably, the sPD-L1 values increased significantly in blood collected after tumor resection compared to sPD-L1 levels before tumor resection (sPD-L1 [pg/ml]; mean ± SD; pre: 76 ± 32; post: 107 ± 32; p < 0.0001) (Fig. 3A).