NPPA and metabolic disease: The NPRC polymorphism is not an independent determinant of natriuretic peptide (NP) concentration in HF [11] while other ANP gene polymorphisms as the concurrence of the rs5068 and rs198389 minor alleles appear to confer a similar protective cardio-metabolic phenotype supporting the possibility of development of ANP-based peptide therapeutics for cardio-metabolic disease states [28].