While blood glucose was significantly reduced (S2A Fig), total islet insulin content higher (S2B Fig) and proinsulin:insulin ratio reduced (S2C Fig) in insulin-treated NDM mice compared to placebo-treated mice, cellular stress marker proteins such as TXNIP and sXBP1 were not improved (S2D Fig), suggesting unique effects of DAPA on reducing β-cell stress. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is neonatal diabetes mellitus.