TNF and alkaline phosphatase measurement: During the development of AP, NF-κB is activated rapidly in pancreatic acinar cells, and then multiple inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1β) and chemokines (MCP-1 and MIP-1α) are significantly increased which can affect vascular permeability and contribute to thrombosis, haemorrhage and tissue necrosis (Steinle et al.