TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Chronic state of inflammation may also lead to increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukine (IL-6, IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF- γ), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) which are involved in endothelial dysfunction [11, 13].