IL1B and subarachnoid hemorrhage: Notably, inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, which are upregulated following intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, activate the p38MAPK signaling pathway in the arterial wall, leading to vasospasm, brain edema, neurobehavioral damage, and inflammation enhancement and inducing apoptosis [44, 45].