TNF and cancer: In many human cancer tissues and in cancer induced by chemicals such as DEN, the development of cancer has been associated with an increase in macrophage cells and neutrophils, as well as an increase in the expression of TNF-α and its receptor TNFR-1 (Roberts et al., 2007; Hayden and Ghosh, 2014; Amin et al., 2016; Hamza et al., 2021).