IL36A and colitis: While some studies have identified a role for these cytokines in resolving acute inflammation in preclinical models of colitis, many others have pointed towards a role in driving disease pathogenesis.15–21 As reported for other IL-1 family cytokines, these apparent dichotomous effects may reflect the stage of disease being investigated.43 Previously, we demonstrated elevated IL-36α expression in the colonic mucosa of newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, paediatric UC patients.