PTEN and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition, frequent mutations are found in several pathways in HCC, including the telomere maintenance (TERT), cell cycle (TP53), self-renewal/stemness (APC/AXIN/β-catenin), oxidative stress (KEAP1/NRF2), epigenetic modification (ARID1A/ARID1B/ARID2), and proliferation (TSC/PTEN) pathways51.