PIK3CA and Insulin resistance: In addition, we identified the primary signaling pathways involved in sarcopenia by KEGG enrichment analysis, and filtered the top 20 pathways related to sarcopenia (adjusted P < 0.05), including longevity regulating pathway (hsa04211), EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance (hsa01521), AMPK signaling pathway (hsa04152), Insulin resistance (hsa04931), FoxO signaling pathway (hsa04068), PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (hsa04151), endocrine resistance (hsa01522) among others (Fig. 2D, Supplementary Table S4).