In our study, a great number of immune factors were altered in IPF patients, including upregulation of CXCL5, CXCL13, CXCL14, IL5RA, and TNFRSF19 and downregulation of CSF3R, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12. Here, S100A9 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.