IGF2 and urinary bladder carcinoma: Valenberg et al. (2019) developed the Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor (Xpert) and measured five mRNA targets (ABL1, CRH, IGF2, UPK1B, and ANXA10) that are frequently overexpressed in BC. The overall sensitivity was 74% (63% for LG, 83% for HG) and specificity was 80%. Ruan et al. (2021) developed and validated a urine-based PCR DNA methylation assay for early detection of BC, which showed a sensitivity of 88.1%–91.2%, a specificity of 89.7–85.7%, and superior sensitivity in detecting low-grade (66.7%–77.8%) and Ta tumors (83.3%).