INS and heart failure: As a matter of fact, SCFAs can not only modulate the carbohydrate metabolism through activating G protein-coupled receptor and AMP-activated protein kinase, improving insulin sensitivity (Gao et al., 2009; den Besten et al., 2013), but also increasing the production of ketogenic amino acids and ketone bodies (Thevenet et al., 2016; Pujol et al., 2018), which is considered to be one of the energy sources of failing myocardium and closely related to the process of heart failure.