BST2 and infection: Ohta et al. (2016, 2017b) found that HPIV2 V protein colocalizes with tetherin and binds to tetherin, which reduces cell surface tetherin. This reduction benefits the viral production of HPIV2 (Ohta et al., 2016, 2017b). It was reported that V proteins from other paramyxoviruses (including PIV5, MuV, HPIV4, and simian virus 41) were co-immunoprecipitated with tetherin. And infection of PIV5 or MuV reduced the expression of cell surface tetherin. However, they did not identify whether these V proteins sufficiently suppress tetherin expression (Ohta et al., 2017a).