Clinical expression levels of genes in HBV-infected or HBV-associated HCC patients’ liver tissues retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database supported the findings in this study that HBV infection may change the levels of CAV1, CAV2, TRIM47, UBE2V2, WDR3, and ZFR (43) (Fig. S7D), though more functional studies are required to verify the roles of these genes in viral pathogenesis and antiviral responses. This evidence concerns the gene ZFR and hepatocellular carcinoma.