Previous NAPPA array results in humans have identified novel minor type 1 diabetes associated antigens such as MTIF3, PPIL2, and MLHI19 in 7–24% of type 1 diabetic patients, along with small numbers of non-diabetic control patients, using a luciferase immunoprecipitation system17. The gene discussed is PPIL2; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.