CD68 staining of rat bladder showed significantly higher levels of macrophage recruitment with a trend toward elevation of the pro-inflammatory CD86 + macrophages (Fig. 5g) and a significant reduction in CD206 + immunosuppressive (M2-like) macrophages that are associated with tumor promotion in the BCG-disA-OE-treated rats compared with untreated controls. Here, CD68 is linked to neoplasm.