IRAK3 and infection: Other in vivo mouse studies reported no effect of IRAK3 on inflammatory cytokines in mice challenged with bacteria or LPS, but their experimental designs varied in administration of immunomodulatory agent, including intranasal inoculation with 1 × 104 CFU of K. pneumoniae [40], intranasal inoculation of 5 × 104 or intravenous infection with 5 × 105 CFU of S. pneumoniae [41], or LPS inhalation [37].