To first assess whether inhibiting NFATc1-mediated transcription restricted fibroblast activation and limited collagen secretion in IPF lung cultures ex vivo, we treated these diseased lung explants with VIVIT or tacrolimus in the presence or absence of TGF-β for 5 days, followed by qPCR and Western blotting analysis to measure profibrotic gene expression and collagen accumulation, respectively (Supplemental Figure 3, A and B). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.