AIRE and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: Still, the role of B cells and autoantibodies in the context of APECED syndrome needs to be investigated further, and the Aire–/– rat model, which develops anti-cytokine autoantibodies at levels comparable to those in APECED patients, will be useful in future studies, including those involving the generation of double AIRE- and immunoglobulin-deficient rats, which is under way.