OPTN and lung carcinoma: In addition, the posttranslational modification of OPTN is also closely related to the autophagy process; for example, TBK1-mediated phosphorylation of OPTN activates autophagy to clear invading Salmonella [15, 16], and HACE1-mediated ubiquitylation of OPTN promotes autophagic flux to suppress tumorigenicity in lung cancer cells [17].