TNF and neoplasm: In this connection, our data showed that the internalization of PEGylated liposomes by differentiated THP-1 cells led to the up-regulation of TNF-α transcripts as well as to the downregulation of TGF-β mRNA levels, suggesting that PEG may play a role in the modulation of macrophage polarity toward M1, which is the pro-inflammatory and anti-tumor phenotype.