INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: There is substantial evidence that Astragalus polysaccharide downregulates blood glucose levels, upregulates serum insulin concentrations, increases β-cell volume and decreases the percentage of apoptotic β-cells in streptozotocin-induced T1DM mice, leading to a downregulation of the Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio and upregulation of PPARγ gene expression [87,88].