SERPINE1 and neoplasm: Multiple mechanisms involved in the anticancer activity of red ginger and vanilloids have been reported elsewhere, including the inhibition of MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways, inactivation of NF-κB and STAT3, and upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), all of which are participants in the suppression of tumor metastasis [49,50,51] (Figure 4).