MYD88 and acute myeloid leukemia: The study by Brenner et al. [23] investigated the effect of TLR4 ligation on the constitutive cytokine release by primary human AML cells derived from 81 unselected patients (i.e., the use of increased cytokine as the readout will probably reflect mainly the downstream MyD88-NFκB signaling (Figure 1)) [24].