The downstream signaling of both the IL1 receptor and TLR4 is mediated through MyD88/IRAK1 [120,121,122], and recent studies suggest that signaling through this pathway in primary AML cells is important for leukemic cell growth and survival (i.e., leukemia progression) [121,123] and also for the AML-supporting effects in the stem cell niches that are formed by bone marrow stromal cells [124,125]. Here, TLR4 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.