TLR4 and acute myeloid leukemia: However, it should be emphasized that many of these observations are based on studies in AML cell lines, and further experimental as well as clinical studies are needed especially to (i) clarify the molecular effects in primary AML cells, (ii) the possibility of patient heterogeneity with regard to the antileukemic effects of TLR4 targeting, and (iii) whether TLR4 expression is an independent prognostic marker when adjusting for generally accepted prognostic parameters in AML.