TLR4 and acute myeloid leukemia: All of these cells can support normal hematopoiesis and normal hematopoietic stem cells [1], many of them are also important in AML leukemogenesis and the use of TLR4 inhibition in AML therapy will thus have both direct effects on the leukemic cells (Section 3) and indirect effects mediated through the various leukemia-supporting nonleukemic stromal cells.