TNF and cancer: In addition, six types of cancer cells (i.e., prostate, human HCT116 colon, human DLD-1 colon, breast, TNF-α-stimulated HeLa, and human T cell leukemia Jurkat) were treated with physalin B. The treatment inhibited the activation of TNF-α-induced NF-κB and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced NF-κB pathways, whereas it promoted the activation of ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, and P53 pathways [9,74,75,76,79].