CXCL12 and breast cancer: Conversely, Agostino et al. [32] using the scratch wound assay and chemotaxis experiments at concentrations from 0.001 to 100 μM, found that lidocaine inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell migration through the inhibition of chemokine CXCL12 and the activity of its receptor CXCR4, whose overexpression has been strongly associated with the metastatic potential of BC cells.