Protection of the gastric mucosa with, for example, rebamipide, has been shown to normalize expression levels of cytokines, ICAM-1, CD44 and overall MMP activity (by zymography), as well as NF-κB activity (by EMSA) in gastric mucosa of H. pylori SS1–infected C57BL/6 mice, and to decrease an incidence of chronic atrophic gastritis [68]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and gastritis.