Furthermore, in the CSF of patients with first-episode schizophrenia, a marked elevation of IL-1β was detected, with authors suggesting that increased levels of IL-1β, and consequently IL-1β/IL-1R1 signaling-mediated effects, may be normalized or downregulated during the disease progression or during prolonged antipsychotic treatment [144]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1R1 and schizophrenia.