DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: In DMD patients, sensitive damage and degeneration of muscle fibers, through sarcolemma destabilization and progressive loss of muscular repair ability via stem cells, concomitantly increase inflammation and fibrosis in muscular tissues, due to loss-of-function with frameshifting or nonsense mutations in the dystrophin gene on chromosome Xp21, which codes for the protein dystrophin, a myofiber membrane protein [1,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23].