SMARCAL1 and Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia: Moreover, the metabolism of the R-loop is also linked to the pathogenesis of “replication-related” genetic diseases, such as Schimke Immuno-osseous dysplasia, which is caused by mutations in SMARCAL1 [109] or XPF-ERCC1-related syndrome [110], which has been linked to chronic inflammation.