They further demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of decaffeinated coffee and nicotine-free tobacco require the cytoprotective transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and that a known Nrf2 activator in coffee, cafestol, is also able to confer neuroprotection in fly models of PD. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to Parkinson disease.