After expansion with IL-2 and α-GalCer (KRN7000, a synthetic glycosphingolipid originally isolated from a marine sponge) from PBMC of healthy donors, type I NKT cell-mediated cytotoxicity was induced by both CD1d-positive glioblastoma cell lines or CD1d-positive patient-derived glioblastoma cells in vitro, with significant increases in the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, granzyme B, and IL-4 [99]. Here, TNF is linked to glioblastoma.