BMP2 and posterior cortical atrophy: After 21 days, the BMP-2 treatment led to an almost complete closure of the bone defect (+78%, Figure 3f,g), whereas the combination of BMP-2 and PCa-EVs led to a significantly reduced rate of newly-formed bone (30% reduction) and EVs-only did not induce any skeletal regeneration (+4.8%) (Figure 3f,g).