PPARGC1A and cancer: In 2019, Yazdani et al. proposed that neutrophil elastase (NE) released by NETs activates TLR4 in cancer cells which results in upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1A), a transcription coactivator that leads to increased mitochondrial biogenesis to provide additional energy for the tumor to accelerate its growth [94].