TNF and epilepsy: KYNA and SZR104 not only attenuated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and increased tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 mRNA expression in U-937 cells stimulated with heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus [8] but they also inhibited the LPS-stimulated phagocytotic activity of microglial cells in vitro while suppressing microglial activity in an in vivo model of epilepsy [5].