Additionally, research using a cohort from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) in the U.S. demonstrated that adverse cognitive effects of living in areas with high PM2.5 concentrations, including an 81% HR increase for global cognitive decline and a 92% HR increase for all-cause dementia, were exacerbated among ApoE ɛ4/4 carriers [15]. Here, APOE is linked to dementia.